The mining industry is the economic sector that includes the exploration and mining operations. It relates to extraction of minerals, rare earth metals including, for example copper, iron or gold. Its activity is framed in most countries by a Mining Code (mine surveys). It is an important source of revenue (direct and indirect) of water pollution, air, soil and ecosystems by metals.
It operates fossil fuels or non-renewable human time scales, requiring significant amount of energy and sometimes water. It leaves legacy of mining, the legislation demand in a growing number of countries to reduce, treat and compensate at as the operation or as part of "post-mining".
Since the development and exploitation of mineral deposits is very time consuming and expensive, it is to have a high contract and investment security for mining companies of concern. This contrasts with the interests of state to achieve the highest taxes from mining. Customer and recipient countries want security of supply and low prices.
There are two basic legal concepts and conflict resolution mechanisms in terms of local ownership of natural resources: the principle of mountain shelf and / or mountain freedom. The raw materials are decoupled from real property. The mineral resources are claimed by either the rulers (Bergregal) or State (State of title) and can be given, or they are considered abandoned, with a title tom but produced only by state ceremony.
In mining industry is basically governed by the Federal Mining Act, similar legislation in other countries. The public authority is transferred regulatory control, ie mining office in Austria Mining Authority. In Switzerland, the mining law jurisdiction is at theThe oldest form of raw materials, which is referred to as mining, goes back to occasional use of flint deposits in Stone Age. Small working teams went for a few days flint mines to win a raw material for the manufacture of equipment.
The mining industry is facing new challenges of profitability and sustainability, that goes beyond the field of environment and mitigation. Social demand porte including aesthetics and landscape ecology, reduction of pollution and its effects, good management and mining wasteland. It is the source of production of many capital goods and consumption. In this, the companies that control this activity plays a significant role in global economy. In 2007, the largest companies of this industry is BHP Billiton.
A natural tendency is to look for valuable metals (gold, platinum ...) The race for the most sought gold metal ranks first with 47% of global mineral exploration expenditures 4 this rate can be much higher in some countries (over 60% in Quebec in 2005 5. The jewelry would even the first engine of global demand for gold: more than 80% of gold mined each year is transformed .
In twenty-mining tends to integrate the metallurgy, joining a business model closer to that established in oil industry where the same actor is prospecting for new deposits, operates known deposits, refines raw materials and markets of finished products. Thus, the concentration of firms in this industry has established actors who extract and manufactures pure metal or alloys ingots. For Canada: 75% of companies worldwide exploration or exploitation, are headquartered. And nearly 60% of those listed are recorded at the Toronto Stock Exchange with the convenience of legislation (regulatory and judicial) and the specific tax regime of that country for the industry.
It operates fossil fuels or non-renewable human time scales, requiring significant amount of energy and sometimes water. It leaves legacy of mining, the legislation demand in a growing number of countries to reduce, treat and compensate at as the operation or as part of "post-mining".
Since the development and exploitation of mineral deposits is very time consuming and expensive, it is to have a high contract and investment security for mining companies of concern. This contrasts with the interests of state to achieve the highest taxes from mining. Customer and recipient countries want security of supply and low prices.
There are two basic legal concepts and conflict resolution mechanisms in terms of local ownership of natural resources: the principle of mountain shelf and / or mountain freedom. The raw materials are decoupled from real property. The mineral resources are claimed by either the rulers (Bergregal) or State (State of title) and can be given, or they are considered abandoned, with a title tom but produced only by state ceremony.
In mining industry is basically governed by the Federal Mining Act, similar legislation in other countries. The public authority is transferred regulatory control, ie mining office in Austria Mining Authority. In Switzerland, the mining law jurisdiction is at theThe oldest form of raw materials, which is referred to as mining, goes back to occasional use of flint deposits in Stone Age. Small working teams went for a few days flint mines to win a raw material for the manufacture of equipment.
The mining industry is facing new challenges of profitability and sustainability, that goes beyond the field of environment and mitigation. Social demand porte including aesthetics and landscape ecology, reduction of pollution and its effects, good management and mining wasteland. It is the source of production of many capital goods and consumption. In this, the companies that control this activity plays a significant role in global economy. In 2007, the largest companies of this industry is BHP Billiton.
A natural tendency is to look for valuable metals (gold, platinum ...) The race for the most sought gold metal ranks first with 47% of global mineral exploration expenditures 4 this rate can be much higher in some countries (over 60% in Quebec in 2005 5. The jewelry would even the first engine of global demand for gold: more than 80% of gold mined each year is transformed .
In twenty-mining tends to integrate the metallurgy, joining a business model closer to that established in oil industry where the same actor is prospecting for new deposits, operates known deposits, refines raw materials and markets of finished products. Thus, the concentration of firms in this industry has established actors who extract and manufactures pure metal or alloys ingots. For Canada: 75% of companies worldwide exploration or exploitation, are headquartered. And nearly 60% of those listed are recorded at the Toronto Stock Exchange with the convenience of legislation (regulatory and judicial) and the specific tax regime of that country for the industry.
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